Archive for the History of Yuri Category


100 Years of Yuri 2020 Project, by Erica Friedman

January 5th, 2020

Welcome to the final post of the 100 Years of Yuri 2020 Project! With this post, the first centennial anniversary of the Yuri genre is complete. We can walk forward into a new century, assured in the knowledge that we have absolutely no idea at all what will happen. ^_^

One of the most often-asked questions I get is “where do I start?” when it comes to reading and watching Yuri. My criteria for this list was simple: Answer that question using primarily English-language releases (as the readership for Okazu is primarily, although not exclusively, English readers.) This list is an attempt to trace the evolution of the Yuri genre over 100 years. These choices will help you understand where the tropes of our genre came from and how they developed. The series mentioned here had massive influence on our perception of Yuri. There are still a few critical pieces that are not yet available in English – I hope that one day I’ll be able to say they are. In the meantime, I’ve added them in in Japanese, for those of you who are dedicated to learning more about the origins of the genre.

I’m presenting these choices in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. Here are my recommendations to understand 100 years of of the Yuri genre.

Titles have been edited so series available in English use official English-language titles, and Japanese-only titles are in Romaji (with Kanji in parentheses).

 

Yaneura no Nishojo (屋根裏の二処女) by Yoshiya Nobuko
Yoshiya Nobuko’s story about two girls living in the attic room of a foreign-run mission school is the origin for so many of the tropes we have come to expect from Yuri – from the tower room itself, to an intimate piano duet.

Akiko, who take three pages to open a door when we meet her, does not hesitate to take Akitsu’s hand and go to the outside world, together, a choice echoed by two women who lived in a tower almost a century later in Revolutionary Girl Utena.

We would not speak of or think of Yuri in the way we do now, if it weren’t for this foundational work, Yaneura no Nishojo.

 

 

Yellow Rose by Yoshiya Nobuko
In the first part of the 20th century, as the “S” aesthetic was sweeping Japan and creating a culture for girls, Yoshiya Nobuko’s serialized short stories of the lives of young women were wildly popular. Hana Monogatari represented girls’ lives as they moved out of school into adult life. The protagonists of these stories often embraced new technologies so instead of marrying, they lived independent lives as working women.

Yellow Rose is the only one of these stories available in English. Translated by Dr. Sarah Frederick, published digitally by Expanded Editions, this short, but intense, story captures the feel of classic Japanese literature and the sense of the dawning of a completely modern age. Trains and typewriters loom as large as Sappho and her poetry in this fascinating, darkly emotional tale about unexpected feelings of attraction and loss. This is an excellent place to start with in your English-language journey through Yuri.

 

 

Princess Knight by Osamu Tezuka
The Yuri trope of the Girl Prince has roots going back to the Heian period, but as far as manga is concerned, this is where it began. Tezuka, known as the “god of manga.” captured the glamour of the all-woman musical revue named for the town he lived in, Takarazuka, added a bit of Disney flair, spiced it up with a little gender-bending to create Ribon no Kishi, Princess Knight (Volume 1 |  Volume 2) available from Vertical Publishing. This book is technically out of print. Consult your local library to get it by Interlibrary Loan.

Sapphire is born to be the Prince of her country except that, as a girl, she can’t rule. But because she has the heart of a man and a woman, and to stave off the evil Duke, Sapphire grows up acting as the Prince. Her boy heart give her athletic and ruling abilities, but her girl heart makes her yearn for love and beautiful gowns.  This story relies on mid-century gender stereotypes, but it is the origin of a theme we will see over and over again in Yuri; the blending of male and female in a noble Girl Prince.

 

 

Shiroi Heya no Futari (白い部屋のふたり) by Yamagishi Ryoko
There’s always controversy around the “first” anything, but if there is a single manga that has claim to being the first truly “Yuri” manga, Yamagishi Ryoko’s Shiroi Heya no Futari is the leading candidate. It codified Yuri tropes visually, in the same way Yoshiya’s novel Yaneura no Nishojo did thematically.

Emotionally high-strung traditional Japanese beauty Simone and cheerful and European doll-like Resine meet in a foreign mission school. Both of them outsiders to the school, they share an attic room where they fall in love. But there can be no happy ending for them, so Simone runs off to die a tragic death (one that immediately recalls American lesbian pulp novels of the time) to “free” Resine to marry.

Almost 50 years later, we still see the ripples of Simone and Resine in other popular Yuri series about a romance between an emotionally unbalanced dark-haired beauty and a cheerful girl, most recently saburouta’s Citrus. Shiroi Heya no Futari is long out of print and not available in English, but I hope one day to be able say that this classic Yuri manga is heading our way, if only to share the “original” Yuri manga with you.

 

 

The Rose of Versailles by Riyoko Ikeda
Sometimes it is easy to look back and see why a thing sparked the zeitgeist. Timeless tales told with high drama, history as seen through a modern lens; the human drama of human drama is always popular.

The French Revolution is so enormous that it may be best told as one person’s story. Whether we follow Jean Valjean or Oscar François de Jarjayes, seeing the events from one perspective gives us a place to start as the grand and ghastly true tale unfolds. With such epic historical content, Riyoko Ikeda still manages to make The Rose of Versailles relatable.  Oscar stands atop the pinnacle of the Girl Prince trope and we, the readers, understand perfectly why the men and women who knew her, loved her. Tezuka may have created the Girl Prince, but Ikeda perfected her.

Now that there is a definitive English edition of The Rose of Versailles manga from UDON Entertainment, we can one day hope for a definitive edition of another of Ikeda’s masterworks, Dear Brother (Oniisama e).

 

 

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi
In any modern series we’d be happy to see a lesbian couple form an alternative family with three mothers and a daughter. In any current series, we’d be delighted to see a team of women willing to die to save one another. More than 25 years ago we got all that, and more. Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon as a series includes multiple instances of sexual and gender minority characters. In a series ostensibly for children. Not all of them are dead at the end of the series. For a 25-year old series, that seems a miracle.

Miracle or not, it is one more reason to continue to love a magical girl series that has inspired-and still inspires – a quarter of century of creativity, of social expression and a ridiculous number of Yuri artists and writers. With both anime from Viz Media and manga from Kodansha Comics available in English, it’s time to fall in love with the Senshi – and watch Haruka and Michiru, the queens of Yuri, fall in love with each other – all over again.

 

 

Revolutionary Girl Utena by BePapas
On the cusp of a new millennium, a group of extraordinarily talented anime and manga creators teamed up. They took Yuri tropes, magical girl tropes, festooned them with dueling and overtly meaningless symbols that were left to grow in a fertile petrie dish of adolescent awakening until they developed meaning. They covered it with the musical equivalent of a magical cookbook full of spells and paid homage to dozens of Yuri predecessors in the anime, movie and manga series that followed. Revolutionary Girl Utena was indeed revolutionary to the fans who watched wide-eyed as Utena unsheathed Dios’ sword from Anthy’s chest and were lead into the birth of a whole new genre.

Revolutionary Girl Utena gave us Utena and Anthy, but it also gave us Juri, the lesbian whose heart is locked up in her love for a manipulative (and, depending upon who you ask, unworthy) Shiori. It gave us a whole new set of Yuri archetypes, explored all the old archetypes with fresh eyes and ushered in a massive wave of fans, ready for a new genre. In many ways, Yuri could not have been born without the magical unrealism of Utena. Both anime, movie from RightStuf and manga and movie manga from Viz Media have received definitive releases in English, so it’s worth taking a look at all four of the stories to see all of the alternative versions of this important series.

 

 

Maria Watches Over Us by Oyuki Konno
At the same time Utena was redefining and reimagining magical girl Yuri, another series was doing the same with the early 20th century “S” aesthetic. Maria-sama ga Miteru was developed by Konno Oyuki as a 39-novel series (plus 9 other related novels) over 15 years. It was adapted into 4 seasons of anime, an 8-voume manga series, and at least 26 different Drama CDs.

Fukuzawa Yumi is honest and goodhearted, but not, apparently, special. We watch this “average” girl become involved with – but not overwhelmed by – the elites of the school, the Student Council and most especially, with the object of her own admiration, Ogasawara Sachiko. The focus of the series is on the big sister/little sister relationship trope that was so deeply embedded in Yuri and so well-known to Japanese fans, but mostly unknown to western audiences, as none of the early sources had been (and many remain) untranslated. When Maria Watches Over Us, available in English from Sentai, debuted as an anime, an entire generation of global Yuri fans learned about the specific and sisterly bonds between girls that had been encouraged since Akiko and Akitsu shared that tower room in the early part of the 20th century.

 

 

ALC Publishing
In  2003, ALC Publishing published the very first “Yuri manga” in English, Rica ‘tte Kanji!?, which went for 3 printings. Further chapters were serialized in in ALC’s Yuri Monogatari anthology until it was collected and reprinted digitally in 2012 as Tokyo Love – Rica ‘tte Kanji! Digital Collection. Rica was followed by Tadeno Eriko’s doujinshi collection WORKS, which is still in print and the Yuri Monogatari series, of which Volume 4 and Volume 6 are still in print.

The Yuri Monogatari anthology series (named in homage to Yoshiya Nobuko’s Hana Monogatari,) brought together Yuri artists from around the world in the very first English-language Yuri anthology. The goal was to present English-language readers with a wide variety of story and art and encourage them to look beyond girl-meets-girl.

ALC Publishing laid the English language foundation for the western Yuri market, with a strong emphasis on stories of adult lesbian life, rather than the still more common first-love school scenarios.

 

 

Cutey Honey & Devilman Lady by Go Nagai
If Osamu Tezuka is the “God of Manga” then Go Nagai is manga’s brilliant, but creepy uncle. Every genre that Tezuka established, Nagai did too, weirder and, arguably, better. Nagai is known in the west primarily for his Devilman and Mazinger franchises. In Cute Honey, Nagai created a magical female warrior who did not need men to help her (and often had to save them from harm) and a lesbian love story that has evolved and survived over decades. The Cutey Honey Classic Collection manga from Seven Seas and Cutey Honey Universe anime from Sentai Filmworks are exceptional versions of this timeless, yet pervy, story.

But where Nagai really excels is in the horror genre. He was born to create and explore the dark underbelly of demonic existence. The 2018 Netflix release of Devilman Crybaby was deeply queer and absolutely worth watching as a horror series. As far as Yuri goes, the series we should all know is Devilman Lady, released in the 2000s by ADV (now, by Section 23) as Devil Lady. Hopefully we’ll see a 20th anniversary release of one of the objectively best Yuri anime ever made just as lesbian horror is undergoing a long-awaited renaissance.

 

 

Comic Yuri Hime (コミック百合姫)
The story of Comic Yuri Hime is the story of Yuri at the turn of the 21st century. This magazine burst forth in 2003 as Yuri Shimai and the last 2 decades have seen repeated renewals and rebirths as the market shifts and changes.

Beginning life as a quarterly magazine, Comic Yuri Hime is now monthly and has been home to the growth of many of the top name sellers in Yuri manga, from Morinaga Milk to Kodama Naoko. Along with the careers of their creators, these pages have seen so many of the newest iterations of old Yuri standards and, with folks like Ohi Pikachi and Takemiya Jin, its even broken some new ground.

While there is no English-language version, you can subscribe to it digitally in Japanese on Bookwalker Global.

 

 

Galette (ガレット)
I think of Comic Yuri Hime as a pathway that has been paved and widened over time and is now a highway for Yuri artists to take from their own work to published status. Using that metaphor, Galette magazine is an upgrade to the old road that parallels the new expressway. It’s still a smaller road, but there are a lot of things to look at, and accommodations are often more interesting/quirky than they are on the highway. 

This crowd-funded, creator owned quarterly Yuri manga magazine is giving complete freedom to Yuri creators. We have no idea what we’ll see along the way, but it will surely be interesting!

Galette is also available for Japanese-language subscription through Bookwalker Global.

 

 

Kase-san Series by Hiromi Takashima
Hiromi Takashima’s Kase-san series is a story of survival and tenacity. It was born in a brief period of prosperity during a Yuri boom in 2011. When the magazine it ran in went belly up, it would have been reasonable to assume we’d never see more of it after the third volume was published. But the creator didn’t agree and took her work online and continued the story. Without a magazine for an anchor, its amazing that this series was given a fourth volume, then a fifth. And then an actual miracle occurred. Because while the Kase-san series was continuing, peripatetic although it was, the Yuri market had blossomed since 2014. In 2017, the world was ready for Kase-san and Yamada to leave school and not live happily ever after, but continue on dealing with things like jealousy and separation and two lives moving in different directions as adults.

The manga series is available from Seven Seas and the beautifully animated OVA is available from Sentai Filmworks. The Kase-san series both embodies common Yuri tropes and exceeds them, which makes it an important stepping stone to understanding Yuri.

 

 

My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness by Kabi Nagata
One day, there will be articles and research about the impact this book, its sequels and its creator had on manga. Japanese manga has already seen an uptick in manga about mental and physical health. I don’t think I can overstate how important this book will be as we move forward in the 2020s.

Autobiographical comics are not uncommon in the west or Japan. When we look back at some of the greatest western comic artists, their stories about their own lives have resonated deeply with millions of readers. For a Japanese manga to join the ranks of Harvey Pekar, Alison Bechdel and Raina Telgemeier among our comics awards, is notable. In the sense that this is not “Yuri” at all, but is by and about life of a queer person, it threw doors wide open.

Kabi Nagata has already been recognized for her work with a Harvey Award. The creator being open about being gay, without any sense that story this is – or ever can be – a romance story, has already had a massive impact and I expect we will see ripples for years to come.

My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness and My Solo Exchange Diary Volume 1 and Volume 2 are available in English from Seven Seas.

 

 

Yuri Life by Kurukuruhime
The last few years has seen the creation of a brand new subgenre of Yuri. Known in Japanese as Shakaijin Yuri (社会人百合), these stories follow adult women in society. Often written as office romances, they allow for exploration of life as an adult woman in the working world, a place that is often a hostile environment for women.

Kurukuruhime’s Yuri Life avoids the problems and instead focuses on pairs of adult women making their lives together.

Adult life Yuri is not new – ALC Publishing’s WORKS addresses many of the same issues we see addressed in stories like Still Sick from Viz Media but Yuri Life and Whenever Our Eyes Meet, both from Yen Press are the first two adult life Yuri to make it into English and are notable for being the opening adult women needed to be part of the Yuri landscape.

 

 

Sexiled: My Sexist Party Leader Kicked Me Out, So I Teamed Up With a Mythical Sorceress! by Ameco Kaeruda
The end of our first Yuri century just about exploded with whole new sections of the Yuri genre. Visual novels, office life Yuri, and Light Novels all carpet bombed Yuri fandom. I waffled heavily trying to pick just one truly representative Light Novel. Bloom Into You: Regarding Saeki Sayaka from Seven Seas was certainly representative of the older schoolgirl romance tropes and it was still a very good light novel, but the example I chose for this list was the one that broke new ground.

We might have expected it from a office romance, (and, admittedly, we see examples of the frustration with systemic misogyny in almost every example of that subgenre) but for pure, unadulterated exhaustion with misogyny, with a sense of being so far over it, that it’s unbelievable it still exists at all and with the kind of empowerment women can give one another when they work together in a Yuri story, I had to go with Ameco Kaeruda’s RPG Fantasy Sexiled: My Sexist Party Leader Kicked Me Out, So I Teamed Up With a Mythical Sorceress! Volume1 and Volume 2 are available digitally and Volume 1 will be released in print in 2020 from J-Novel Club.

 

 

Our Dreams at Dusk Shimanami Tasogare
Following on the heels of openly queer creators whose work is breaking sales records and breaking new ground at the same time, Kamatani Yuhki-sensei took the next step forward with a manga about sexual and gender minorities and the community they create for themselves. Like Rica ‘tte Kanji?!, Our Dreams at Dusk Shimanami Tasogare from Seven Seas uses the life of one young person, still questioning themselves to learn about the ups and downs of other people’s lives – all with eye to creating empathy and acceptance.

At the end of a century of Yuri, we are finally seeing what I always hoped we’d see – lesbian stories, stories of lives led, and loves found and lost. Yuri is still undergoing a massive change as more stories of adult life move into the Yuri genre. Eventually, as Yuri creators age, I have no doubt we’ll see senior years romance and life. ^_^

And here you have – it a primer for 100 Years of Yuri. With these titles, you will encounter all of the traditional Yuri tropes, where they came from and be able to see where they creators are taking them.

 

2020 is going to bring us absolute riches of both classic and new Yuri. With all these riches, I want to point out – again – that I’m still not seeing a few things that I want to see. So as we move into 2CYE (Common Yuri Era), here is my wish list for Yuri:

  • Sports Yuri manga series
  • “Ladies” Motorcycle gang Yuri series
  • High-powered Court Yuri Lawyer drama
  • Mystery-solving Lesbian Detective series
  • Space Marine Yuri Science Fiction
  • Senior Yuri Romance

…and, borrowed whole from petrarchian on Twitter:

  • A mezzo and a soprano who fall in love during a run of Der Rosenkavalier Opera Yuri ^_^

There’s my wish list – have at it, Yuri creators!

Thank you all for reading our lists, contributing your thoughts and here’s to a brilliant decade for Yuri!





Queerness in Sailor Moon: Is It Progressive or is it Just Progress?

September 2nd, 2019

Inspired by my current reading material, Volume 5 of Sailor Moon, Eternal Edition, I have been thinking about the concept of “queerness” in Sailor Moon. This essay has no thesis – that is to say, I am not trying to prove a point, or make any conclusions, I’m simply musing on a topic that has fascinated me for many years. Our ideas of, ideals of, and language about gender and sexuality have altered tremendously in the last 25 years. I’m not the first, nor will I be the last to discuss Sailor Moon as an iconic | series for queer | fans. I encourage you all to share your thoughts and experiences in the comments. All respectful comments will be welcome – even and especially, those that disagree with any of my thoughts. As I say, I’m not making a point here, I’m merely thinking out loud in text. ^_^

To begin with, I’m going to write up the list of characters in the original anime or manga (thus, Crystal) that I consider overtly queer. You may not agree, and you may also not consider this list comprehensive. This is what I consider to be a survey of the as-explicitly-as-we got queer characters. I’m leaving out common fan pairings, like Rei’s obvious feelings for Usagi (which was surfaced in her song during Sailor Moon Super Live,) Hotaru and Chibi-Usa, Ami and Makoto, because while they are all a totally valid way to interpret the characters and their dynamics, they were not created with explicit intent to be seen as what we now think of as “queer.”

Part 1: Queer Characters in Sailor Moon

Season 1: Sailor Moon / Dark Kingdom

Zoisite and Kunzite – Two of the four generals of the Dark Kingdom, serving under Queen Beryl, Zoisite and Kunzite are explicitly written as lovers in the first season of the original anime. Zoisite’s death in Kunzite’s arms is the motivation for a desperate attempt to defeat Sailor Moon which amounts to a suicide by the final general. They are portrayed very much as a Kabuki pair, with Zoisite playing the part of the onnagata, the actor who plays women’s roles.

 

Season 2: Sailor Moon R / Black Moon

Fiore – In the Sailor Moon R movie, Fiore’s story reads as a love story gone bitter, a kind of gender switch Kijo (which matches with Mamoru’s gender switched role as “damsel” in the series.) Fiore’s resentment of not being Mamoru’s beloved turns him into an avenging alien/demon set on the destruction of Earth and Sailor Moon.

 

Season 3: Sailor Moon Super / Death Busters

Haruka and Michiru – This perfect couple can be seen in multiple ways. Takeuchi famously declared them lesbian lovers in several interviews, and she also mentioned that Haruka was originally meant to be a Takarazuka performer. In the text of the manga, Michiru declares Haruka to be a man and a woman, which was understood by Japanese fans to refer to Ribon no Kishi‘s double-hearted lead, Sapphire. In 21st century terms, Haruka is genderfluid and can be seen wearing both women’s and men’s clothes in artbooks.

Haruka and Michiru are consistently portrayed as a couple, in all versions of the series. Never as openly as we might hope, perhaps, but the Sailor Moon musicals now have a long tradition of playing up their flirtation, their bickering and their innuendo, as well as having them launch across the stage to die in each other’s arms in seasons where that is relevant. ^_^

In Sailor Moon Super S Special and Sailor Moon Stars, their relationship is surfaced in scenes where Michiru proclaims that she has no interest in saving a world without Haruka, and the two tease each other in intimate terms. A quarter of a century after they first appeared, there’s still a lot to say about them.

 

Season 4: Sailor Moon SuperS / Dead Moon Circus

Fisheye – One of the Dead Moon Circus’s Amazon Trio, Fisheye is not human, but in human form, is assigned male at creation. The entirety of Fisheye’s arc is, however, testament that this is incorrect. Fisheye primarily presents as female in human guise and has a clear preference for men, making her a fairly strong transgender character. (Stronger, I would argue, than the Starlights, who were not originally intended to be men.)

 

Season 5: Sailor Moon Stars / Galaxia

Sailor Lead Crow and Sailor Aluminum Seiren – As Animamates, Crow and Seiren do not get a lot of screen time in the original anime, but the time they do get is memorable. When they encounter Haruka and Michiru, they are the only ones in the entire series to comment on the rose petals which accompany them. (In my head canon this is their gaydar.) They bicker often and Crow appears to have little respect for Seiren, but as their arc goes on, it becomes clear that they can be seen as a romantic couple.

Sailor Stars – In the Bishoujo Senshi Sailormoon Volume V Original Picture Collection, Takeuchi says that she was “shocked” to learn they’d be men before transformation in the anime, which indicates that the manga Starlights are all women passing as men. Nonetheless, in the original anime, the Sailor Starlights are gender variant, which opened up a whole new way for the audience to experience and identify with the characters.

 

Part 2: Is Queerness in Sailor Moon Progressive?

On Twitter, as I was pondering the place of Queerness in Sailor Moon, specifically, I saw a post on Twitter by E. Simins talking about anime being progressive, generally. This tweet got me thinking – in a good way. And here are some of the fruits of that thought. One of the series tweeted about was Sailor Moon because it has such positive representation of what-we-now-call-queer characters.  I wanted to expand on the general idea.

In thinking about the idea that anime is “progressive” I have to say that to be progressive, I require an anime to have more than just positive representation in the narrative (or, more realistically, accidental positive representation,) I would expect to see call to action. So much of what people see as progressive thought in past anime series is either a misinterpretation (willful or misguided) about intent or origin. So if we talk about Haruka and Michiru as a “Takarazuka couple” in which Haruka is otokoyaku and Michiru is musumeyaku, we’re sort of handwaving the queerness, because Takarazuka can be interpreted as queer, but is not inherently meant to be seen that way. We’re supposed to see a man and a woman in a heterosexual partnership in a Takarazuka show. On the other hand, we know that we are supposed to see Haruka and Michiru as two women in love. Are we supposed to we think of their relationship as a positive representation of an inherent butch/femme dynamic, as genderfluid/femme couple or as a stereotype of hetero-normative male/female dynamics?

If we really want to talk about Sailor Moon being progressive in 2019, we kind of have to look at progress across time as well as geographically.

Looking at older series in which queering them makes them queer, or the queerness can be interpreted differently, is too much like saying fanon is more important than canon (which can be valid, don’t get me wrong!)  It certainly was more overtly progressive than American animation in the mid-1990s. But would that make it “progressive”? Compared with something like the predatory lesbian of 1985’s Patriot Games, yes, clearly. But is that a reasonable comparison? I don’t think so. So…let’s not compare it to western media at all. Apples to apples.

So, to discuss whether anime in general or Sailor Moon in particular is progressive, let’s look at something that is not a 25-year old series. How about Asagao to Kase-san /Kase-san and Morning Glories?  Both manga and anime are very positive representation of two young women falling in love. The anime was explicitly handled in a way to show “love is love.” High marks on positive representation. 10/10 for that.

Let’s compare Kase-san to Sailor Moon. Haruka and Michiru are represented as a queer couple. They were *intended* as a positive representation of two women in love. So are Kase-san and Yamada. So, relatively equivalent. Now…here’s the major question. Is there any progress between the mid-1990’s portrayal and the late 2010’s one?

Sort of.

Kase-san and Yamada are explicitly more a “couple.” So that’s one more step for representation.

How about social or political “progress”?

Not so far.

Kase-san and Yamada have discussed living together, but there has been no discussion of real-world challenges; of talking about their relationship to family, to government, to anyone. No concerns about health or finances (okay, legitimately, they are in college, so that’s not a super important priority, but…)

What I am saying is that I see Kase-san as a positive representation – with intent – which is a form of progress, but not “progressive” in the sense of calling for social or political change. Give us Kase-san and Yamada at a Rainbow Pride parade……where an older couple of a famous race car driver and violinist come out and make rousing speeches for social progress and *then* I’ll be like, “Yes, this is progressive!” ^_^ (Which calls to mind the live action 2008 Japanese drama Last Friends, which did star a non-binary motocross rider Ruka and her beloved musician friend Michiru and it did explore issues of gender and sexuality, at least a little.)

I believe that at 16 years-old Haruka has never really thought about her gender or sexual identity, because she’s worried about the end of the world and more concerned with her identity as a Senshi. But ….after Stars, after dying twice, after building a family with Michiru, Setsuna and Hotaru…a few years later at, say 20, what is she thinking? How is she identifying herself? We can’t know with certainty, because the story will never tell us. We have the original anime, the anime adaptation of the manga, and the manga, but we don’t have the “25 years have passed and *we* understand gender and sexuality differently” version.

What happens in that version, when Hawkeye tells Fisheye, “We’re all boys here.”? What if Fisheye turns to Hawkeye and says, “No. We’re not. You two are boys. I am not.”

What happens in that version when Minako asks Haruka “are you two lovers?” or Usagi asks Haruka “are you a man or a woman?”

We can conjecture what those things might look if they were created now…but we have to accept that they might not be all that fundamentally different. It might not ever be “progressive.”

Fans of anime, despite watching media that does have positive queer representation don’t always themselves translate that into real-world progress. Although that is changing for the better in most cases, *.*gate notwithstanding. If anything, the reactive, reductive, anti-progress factions’ existence argues that progress has happened. Fans, like all humans, tend to view their entertainment through the lens of their experience. ^_^

Representation might be critical to progress, but by itself it is not “progressive.”I can acknowledge that Sailor Moon was inclusive/diverse for the time in which it was created, having been part of progress without it having been progressive . And I can accept that anime or manga I want to see pushing that needle forward might never actually go where I want it to go. ^_^

So…what is a good example of a manga that is overtly”progressive”? Shimanami Tasogare is a manga by and about sexual and gender minorities. So that stands out as a manga that is asking for genuine social change.

Whether Sailor Moon is “progressive” is open for discussion, but Shimanami Tasogare clearly asks us to move forward. And that’s progress.

 





100 Years of Yuri at Toronto Comic Arts Festival

May 2nd, 2019

Please join us at Toronto Comic Arts Festival, May 11-12, 2019 in Toronto, ON for a celebration of 100 Years of Yuri!

We’ll be kicking off with a look at 100 Years of Yuri at Toronto Reference Library Learning Centre, 1st Floor, at 10:00 AM on Saturday, May 11.

This will be followed by an Interview with and Signing session by Takashima Hiromi, creator of the Kase-san series, repeatedly one of the top series of the past decade here on Okazu. You will need to register for this event to be able to attend, but there is no admission. fee. This event is being held at the The Japan Foundation, 2 Bloor Street East, Toronto at 12:00 – 2:45 PM.

Drop by Page & Panel, the TCAF shop in the Toronto Reference Library to pick up some excellent Yuri manga and take a look at the 100 Years of Yuri Exhibit in the exhibit space just outside the store in the library.

And while you’re enjoying TCAF on Sunday do please drop by the Marriott High Park Ballroom 2 & 3 at 12:00 PM for Creator Spotlight with Emily Carroll and her new lesbian horror comic When I arrived at the Castle.

TCAF is one of the most queer-friendly events and I recommend you take a look at the TCAF 2019 program for loads of great queer-friendly content for fans of all ages!





100 Years of the Yuri Genre Anniversary Kickoff!

February 8th, 2019

 

The end of last month, we officially kicked off our 100th Anniversary of the Yuri Genre series with what I hope will be a saturation of articles, interviews and podcasts. 

Thanks to the folks at Proyecto Sugoi for the chance to talk about Yuri in the first of my 100th Anniversary of Yuri interviews!

Also many thanks to Anime Herald, for letting me write a post about this anniversary for them. Yuri-1919-2019, Then and Now.

Don’t miss our once-in-a-lifetime 100th Anniversary Japan Tour. Seriously, this is the coolest thing we have ever done. Okazu Patrons get a discounted deposit fee. 

Speaking of the perqs of patronage, Okazu Patrons have been given an exclusive sneak peak of a new chapter for the Big Book ‘o Yuri (still not its official name, but it makes me laugh). Become an Okazu Patron and get a look at Yuri Magazines and Anthologies, Part 1.

And check out our new headline banner here on Okazu. How spiffy is that? Thanks to our brilliant designer and web guru Lissa for this lovely anniversary rendition of our Okazu mascots. 

Help me celebrate this important anniversary – contact me if you’d like me to speak as part of your event, organization, school or podcast!





Why Is It Always Catholic Schoolgirls in Yuri?

December 16th, 2018

I’ve talked a lot recently about “secret projects.” One of my secret projects was this essay, which was orignally written for the first volume of Yuri is My Job, by Miman, available in English in January 2019 from Kodansha Comics.

***

From the Diary of a Catholic Schoolgirl –

“Dear Diary – This morning began with cheerful greetings echoing through the clear blue sky. Today we girls, dressed in our tidy uniforms, passed in ordered lines under the tall gates, greeting Maria-sama as she smiled down upon us.”

Or something like that.

As manga fans – as Yuri fans – in the west, we surely have asked ourselves “Why is Yuri so often set in a Catholic school? And why “sisters?” surprisingly, there is an answer to this question. Around the time Japan entered the international stage, schooling for adolescents of both sexes was a prominent social cause in the late 19th century. In Japan, just as in America and Europe, it was often religious organizations that oversaw this education. Single-sex schools became popular for children of the growing middle class.

In order to curb adolescent passion in these schools, traditions were founded that focused admiration-tinged-with-desire on strictly maintained hierarchies.

Influenced by sexology studies in the early part of the century, scientific research delved into the psychology of them same-sex relationships.

“As a result of our studies, we can say that there are two kinds of same-sex love {dousei no ai).The former … is a case in which the females make a vow of sisterhood and promise to be with each other in life or death. This is nothing more than a passionate friendship, and there is nothing in this relationship that is shameful or despicable. Thus, in this case, the love is a mutual love but is no more than an extremely close friendship.”

(Quoted in Yoshikawa Toyoko. 1998, from Suzuki, Michiko (August 2006). “Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko’s Early Fiction”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 65 (3): 575)

Girls’ literature of the early 20th century in Japan focused on these relationships, presenting them as passionate, yet platonic bonds of sisterhood. Intense emotional relationships between older students and younger were transformed into sisterly feelings. Japanese girl’s magazines were filled with letters and stories of these heart-pounding feelings for older or younger “sisters.”

While some Japanese feminist writers were working in the context of social change, in magazines and literary publications, like Seitō (Bluestocking) other feminist writers, such as Yoshiya Nobuko took their work to popular culture outlets including these girls’ magazines, and wrote “Class-S” stories to create a literature by and for women and girls.

Yoshiya’s 1920 novel Yaneura no Nishojo established many of the tropes we still see expressed in literature and manga. It takes place in a boarding school, run by a religious organization. The protagonists are sharing an isolated attic room, there is a piano duet, and a moment when they choose to leave that protected world and go “outside.”

Other writers pursued the ideal of passionate platonic relationship, focusing on the sisterly aspect. Kawabata Yasunari and Nakazato Tsuneko wrote Otome no Minato, a classic girl’s novel that focused on this “extremely close friendship” of an older girl and younger, modeled on the Japanese sempai-kouhai relationship, but with the added affection of “sisterhood.”

In the late 20th century, this foundation of girl’s literature became fixed as Yuri was born amidst the upheavals of the 1970s. Popular literature had detailed these affairs of the heart, mostly set in Catholic schools – so, when girls’ manga later wanted to tell this same story, immediately these tales were given the “exotic” setting of private religious schools.

The, arguably, first Yuri manga, Shiroi Heya no Futari by Yamagishi Ryoko, is set in a Catholic school in France. When passions run high, desire is not redirected into sisterly affection…with tragic consequences.

At the turn of the 21st century, Konno Oyuki’s novel series Maria-sama ga Miteru (the anime of which made it to English as Maria Watches Over Us) resurrected the concept of the intense platonic connections between “soeur” in a Catholic school. In this series, Konno gave a whole volume to the consequences of romantic love between two girls, placing “love between girls at a Catholic school” among the firmament of Yuri tropes. This launched a renaissance of Yuri at private girls school stories, both serious and parody, from Sweet Blue Flowers, to Strawberry Panic!.

In the meantime, in fandom-focused areas of Japan, maid, and then butler, cafes began to spring up. Catering to fans’ desires to be taken care of, these cafes are still a fixture in parts of Tokyo – and at fan events across the globe. Visitors to Akihabara and Ikebukuro will be greeted by cute girls and dashing young men on the street in fantasy-inspired uniforms,  ready to pour tea or decorate pancakes with grace and charm.

So it makes perfect sense that Miman-sensei combined the two for a trope-filled Yuri romp in Yuri is My Job!. Welcome to a salon where maidens with pure hearts serve you delicious sweets, admire their “schwestern” and vie to be the Blüme, the most popular girl at the school.

Welcome to the salon at Liebe Gakuen, where you will always be greeted with “Gokigenyou” and able to enjoy the sisterly affection of the young women who serve you.

***

Publications mentioned:

“Suzuki, Michiko (August 2006). “Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko’s Early Fiction”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 65 (3): 575 quoting Yoshikawa Toyoko. 1998, ‘Nihonhon no ‘lezubianizumu’: 1910 nendai no shōsetsu ni egakareta lezubiantachi”
 

[Lesbianism in Modern Japan: Lesbians Depicted in Novels of the 1910s}. In Sei gensō o kataru {Talking about the Myths of Sex/Gender),vol. 2 of Kindai o yomikaeru {Rereading Modernity}, ed. Kondō Kazuko, 75-110. Tokyo: San’ichi shobō.

Seitō (Bluestocking). Literary journal. Tokyo, Japan. 1911-16, Seitō-sha.

Yaneura no Nishojo. Yoshiya Nobuko,Tokyo, Japan: Kokusho Kankoukai, 2003. Originally published 1920.

Otome no Minato. Kawabata Yasunari and Nakazato Tsuneko, Tokyo, Japan. Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha, Ltd. 1938.

Shiroi Heya no Futari, Yamagishi Ryoko. Tokyo, Japan. Hana to Yume Comics 1971

Maria-sama ga Miteru, Konno Oyuki. Tokyo, Japan  1994-2012. Shueisha

Maria Watches Over Us. Grimes, Iowa, 2008-2010, RightStuf.

Sweet Blue Flowers, Shimura Takako. San Francisco, USA, 2017, Viz Media.

Strawberry Panic!, Kimino, Sakurako, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2007-8, Seven Seas Entertainment.

Strawberry Panic!, New York, NY, USA, 2007-8, Media Blasters.